“We may encourage people who usually add chiles to their food to continue doing so.”
If you happen to enjoy the burn of a hot pepper as it blazes through your digestive system, there’s some good news. It’s increasingly clear that spice has a positive effect on health and longevity — meaning that you’re no masochist for wanting the burn, you’re just being healthy.
Case in point: In a sample of 22,811 Italians who ate a variety of diets (some less healthy than others), those who ate chile peppers at least four times per week had 23 percent lower risks of death from any cause, and had 34 percent lower chances of death from cardiovascular disease.
The paper was published recently in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology
Spicy food and health around the world
Research into the potential protective effects of spicy peppers may not be limited to their use in Italian cooking: Studies in the United States and China have shown similar results. Each one points to a relationship between hot chile pepper consumption and lower risks of death.
For example: A 2015 BMJ (British Medical Journal) study conducted in China analyzed 487,375 people across 10 Chinese regions and found that those who reported eating spicy foods six or seven times per week had 14 percent lower risks of death than those who ate spicy food once per week.
That paper also noted that those who ate spicy food almost every day were more likely to have worse health habits in general, like smoking and alcohol habits, but the relationship between spicy food and lower risk of death was stronger in those that didn’t drink.
Thousands of miles away, and two years later, a study done on Americans showed similar results. That study, published in PLOS ONE analyzed data from 16,179 adults collected as part of the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES). There, the team found that Americans who ate “hot red chile peppers” had 13 percent lower risks of death compared to those who didn’t eat hot peppers.
The Italian study published recently, the American study done in 2017, and the Chinese study from 2015, can’t show that spicy food has protective effects for sure. But they do suggest that whatever benefits that chile peppers seem to impart are independent of culture and cuisine.
The hotter, the better
The benefits of hot peppers likely come down to capsaicin, the active compound in nearly all chile peppers than belongs to the genus Capsicum. Within that genus there are sweet bell peppers, that have no capsaicin thanks to a recessive gene, and firey nightmare peppers like the Carolina Reaper.
In the new Italian study, the researchers found that sweet peppers, with low capsaicin levels, did have protective effects, but they paled in comparison to the hot peppers, which have higher capsaicin levels.
“In general the association of sweet peppers with mortality were less strong than the ones of chili peppers, suggesting a role for capsaicin,” explains Bonaccio.
But how capsaicin may improve health is still a mystery. Each time Bonaccio and her authors got close to an explanation, their analysis shot it down.
At first, the team thought that maybe eating chile peppers was just a sign of eating a better diet. In this case, that diet would be the Mediterranean diet, which has shown positive health effects in the past. But, as Bonaccio notes, the results held up even for people who didn’t follow that healthy eating pattern.
The team tried again. Past research has hinted at the idea that capsaicin from chile peppers may actually lead to weight loss, and in turn lower risks of death. However in their sample, they found that those who ate chile peppers more often were actually more likely to be obese to begin with than the non-consumers. And even when they adjusted for BMI they saw no large effects on mortality.
Ultimately, they concluded that “none of the biological mechanisms tested were able to explain the health benefits associated with chiles.” Though their work was far from exhaustive, it does suggest that their protective qualities, so far, aren’t totally understood.
In that sense, these powerful effects of a burning pepper are still folklorish. Though the science may be able to show that these effects exist, we’re still at a loss to fully explain them.
Media via Wikimedia Commons , Geoff Hutchison/Flickr, Getty images
(For the source of this, and many other equally interesting articles, please visit: https://www.inverse.com/article/61745-spicy-food-chili-pepper-health/)