Cocoa Flavanols Found to Boost Brain Oxygenation and Cognition
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The brains of healthy adults recovered faster from a mild vascular challenge and performed better on complex tests if the participants consumed cocoa flavanols beforehand, researchers have revealed in the journal Scientific Reports. In the study, 14 of 18 participants saw these improvements after ingesting the flavanols.Previous studies have shown that eating foods rich in flavanols can benefit vascular function, but this is the first to find a positive effect on brain vascular function and cognitive performance in young healthy adults, said Catarina Rendeiro, a researcher and lecturer in nutritional sciences at the University of Birmingham who led the research with University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign psychology professors Monica Fabiani and Gabriele Gratton.
“Flavanols are small molecules found in many fruits and vegetables, and cocoa, too,” Rendeiro said. “They give fruits and vegetables their bright colors, and they are known to benefit vascular function. We wanted to know whether flavanols also benefit the brain vasculature, and whether that could have a positive impact on cognitive function.”
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University of Birmingham lecturer in nutritional sciences Catarina Rendeiro found that cocoa flavanols improve brain oxygenation and cognition in healthy adults. Credit: Photo courtesy Catarina Rendeiro
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The team recruited adult nonsmokers with no known brain, heart, vascular or respiratory disease, reasoning that any effects seen in this population would provide robust evidence that dietary flavanols can improve brain function in healthy people.
The team tested the 18 participants before their intake of cocoa flavanols and in two separate trials, one in which the subjects received flavanol-rich cocoa and another during which they consumed processed cocoa with very low levels of flavanols. Neither the participants nor researchers knew which type of cocoa was consumed in each of the trials. This double-blind study design prevents researchers’ or participants’ expectations from affecting the results.
About two hours after consuming the cocoa, participants breathed air with 5% carbon dioxide — about 100 times the normal concentration in air. This is a standard method for challenging brain vasculature to determine how well it responds, Gratton said.
The body typically reacts by increasing blood flow to the brain, he said.
“This brings in more oxygen and also allows the brain to eliminate more carbon dioxide,” he said.
With functional near-infrared spectroscopy, a technique that uses light to capture changes in blood flow to the brain, the team measured oxygenation in the frontal cortex, a brain region that plays a key role in planning, regulating behavior, and decision-making.
“This allows you to measure how well the brain defends itself from the excess carbon dioxide,” Fabiani said.
Researchers also challenged participants with complex tasks that required them to manage sometimes contradictory or competing demands.
Most of the participants had a stronger and faster brain oxygenation response after exposure to cocoa flavanols than they did at baseline or after consuming cocoa lacking flavanols, the researchers found.
“The levels of maximal oxygenation were more than three times higher in the high-flavanol cocoa versus the low-flavanol cocoa, and the oxygenation response was about one minute faster,” Rendeiro said.
With their colleagues, University of Illinois psychology professors Gabriele Gratton, left, and Monica Fabiani found evidence that ingesting flavanols can positively influence neurovascular health and brain function. Credit: Photo by L. Brian Stauffer
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After ingesting the cocoa flavanols, participants also performed better on the most challenging cognitive tests, correctly solving problems 11% faster than they did at baseline or when they consumed cocoa with reduced flavanols. There was no measurable difference in performance on the easier tasks, however.
“This suggests that flavanols might only be beneficial during cognitive tasks that are more challenging,” Rendeiro said.
Participants varied in their responses to cocoa flavanols, the researchers found.
“Although most people benefited from flavanol intake, there was a small group that did not,” Rendeiro said. Four of the 18 study subjects had no meaningful differences in brain oxygenation response after consuming flavanols, nor did their performance on the tests improve.
“Because these four participants already had the highest oxygenation responses at baseline, this may indicate that those who are already quite fit have little room for improvement,” Rendeiro said. “Overall, the findings suggest that the improvements in vascular activity after exposure to flavanols are connected to the improvement in cognitive function.”
Reference: “Dietary flavanols improve cerebral cortical oxygenation and cognition in healthy adults” by Gabriele Gratton, Samuel R. Weaver, Claire V. Burley, Kathy A. Low, Edward L. Maclin, Paul W. Johns, Quang S. Pham, Samuel J. E. Lucas, Monica Fabiani and Catarina Rendeiro, 2020 Nov 24, Scientific Reports.
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76160-9
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Fabiani and Gratton are affiliates of the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology at the University of Illinois.
A Birmingham-Illinois Seed Grant and the National Institute on Aging supported this research.
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Sir Madame what’s the difference between flavonols and flavonoids and what fruits plants they are abundant? Thank you
From Wikipedia:
Flavan-3-ols (sometimes referred to as flavanols) are derivatives of flavans that possess a 2-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-3-ol skeleton. These compounds include catechin, epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechin, epigallocatechin gallate, proanthocyanidins, theaflavins, thearubigins.
Flavanols (with an “a”) are not to be confused with flavonols (with an “o”), a class of flavonoids containing a ketone group.
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Foods high in flavanols include tea, apples, blueberries, strawberries, red & purple grapes, red wine, and cocoa/chocolate.